The kidneys play a vital role in the excretion of waste products and toxins such as urea, creatinine and uric
acid, regulation of extracellular fluid volume, serum osmolality and electrolyte concentrations, as well as
the production of hormones like erythropoietin and 1,25 dihydroxy vitamin D and renin.
The functional unit of the kidney is the nephron.

Tests of renal function have utility in identifying the presence of renal disease, monitoring the response of
kidneys to treatment, and determining the progression of renal disease.

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